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Linux Foundation KCSA Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic
Details

Topic 1

Kubernetes Cluster Component Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and focuses on securing the core components that make up a Kubernetes cluster. It encompasses the security configuration and potential vulnerabilities of essential parts such as the API server, etcd, kubelet, container runtime, and networking elements, ensuring each component is hardened against attacks.

Topic 2

Kubernetes Threat Model: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and involves identifying and mitigating potential threats to a Kubernetes cluster. It requires understanding common attack vectors like privilege escalation, denial of service, malicious code execution, and network-based attacks, as well as strategies to protect sensitive data and prevent an attacker from gaining persistence within the environment.

Topic 3

Compliance and Security Frameworks: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Compliance Officer and focuses on applying formal structures to ensure security and meet regulatory demands. It covers working with industry-standard compliance and threat modeling frameworks, understanding supply chain security requirements, and utilizing automation tools to maintain and prove an organization's security posture.

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Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate Sample Questions (Q24-Q29):

NEW QUESTION # 24
What is the reasoning behind considering the Cloud as the trusted computing base of a Kubernetes cluster?

A. A vulnerability in the Cloud layer has a negligible impact on containers due to Linux isolation mechanisms.
B. A Kubernetes cluster can only be trusted if the underlying Cloud provider is certified against international standards.
C. A Kubernetes cluster can only be as secure as the security posture of its Cloud hosting.
D. The Cloud enforces security controls at the Kubernetes cluster level, so application developers can focus on applications only.

Answer: C

Explanation:
* The4C's of Cloud Native Security(Cloud, Cluster, Container, Code) model starts withCloudas the base layer.
* If the Cloud (infrastructure layer) is compromised, every higher layer (Cluster, Container, Code) inherits that compromise.
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Security Overview):
* "The 4C's of Cloud Native security are Cloud, Clusters, Containers, and Code. You can think of the 4C's as a layered approach. A Kubernetes cluster can only be as secure as the cloud infrastructure it is deployed on."
* This means the cloud is part of thetrusted computing baseof a Kubernetes cluster.
References:
Kubernetes Docs - Security Overview (4C's): https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/overview/#the-
4cs-of-cloud-native-security

NEW QUESTION # 25
Which security knowledge-base focuses specifically onoffensive tools, techniques, and procedures?

A. MITRE ATT&CK
B. OWASP Top 10
C. NIST Cybersecurity Framework
D. CIS Controls

Answer: A

Explanation:
* MITRE ATT&CKis a globally recognizedknowledge base of adversary tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). It is focused on describingoffensive behaviorsattackers use.
* Incorrect options:
* (B)OWASP Top 10highlights common application vulnerabilities, not attacker techniques.
* (C)CIS Controlsare defensive best practices, not offensive tools.
* (D)NIST Cybersecurity Frameworkprovides a risk-based defensive framework, not adversary TTPs.
References:
MITRE ATT&CK Framework
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Threat intelligence section: references MITRE ATT&CK for describing attacker behavior.

NEW QUESTION # 26
Given a standard Kubernetes cluster architecture comprising a single control plane node (hosting bothetcdand the control plane as Pods) and three worker nodes, which of the following data flows crosses atrust boundary
?

A. From API Server to Container Runtime
B. From kubelet to Controller Manager
C. From kubelet to Container Runtime
D. From kubelet to API Server

Answer: D

Explanation:
* Trust boundariesexist where data flows between different security domains.
* In Kubernetes:
* Communication between thekubelet (node agent)and theAPI Server (control plane)crosses the node-to-control-plane trust boundary.
* (A) Kubelet to container runtime is local, no boundary crossing.
* (C) Kubelet does not communicate directly with the controller manager.
* (D) API server does not talk directly to the container runtime; it delegates to kubelet.
* Therefore, (B) is the correct trust boundary crossing flow.
References:
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Kubernetes Threat Model: identifies node-to-control-plane communications (kubelet # API Server) as crossing trust boundaries.
Kubernetes Documentation - Cluster Architecture

NEW QUESTION # 27
An attacker has successfully overwhelmed the Kubernetes API server in a cluster with a single control plane node by flooding it with requests.
How would implementing a high-availability mode with multiple control plane nodes mitigate this attack?

A. By distributing the workload across multiple API servers, reducing the load on each server.
B. By increasing the resources allocated to the API server, allowing it to handle a higher volume of requests.
C. By implementing network segmentation to isolate the API server from the rest of the cluster, preventing the attack from spreading.
D. By implementing rate limiting and throttling mechanisms on the API server to restrict the number of requests allowed.

Answer: A

Explanation:
* Inhigh-availability clusters, multiple API server instances run behind a load balancer.
* Thisdistributes client requests across multiple API servers, preventing a single API server from being overwhelmed.
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Docs - High Availability Clusters):
* "A highly available control plane runs multiple instances of kube-apiserver, typically fronted by a load balancer, so that if one instance fails or is overloaded, others continue serving requests."
* Other options clarified:
* A: Network segmentation does not directly mitigate API server DoS.
* C: Adding resources helps, but doesn't solve single-point-of-failure.
* D: Rate limiting is a valid mitigation but not provided by HA alone.
References:
Kubernetes Docs - Building High-Availability Clusters: https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production- environment/tools/kubeadm/high-availability/

NEW QUESTION # 28
An attacker has access to the network segment that the cluster is on.
What happens when a compromised Pod attempts to connect to the API server?

A. The compromised Pod attempts to connect to the API server, but its requests may be blocked due to network policies.
B. The compromised Pod is automatically isolated from the network to prevent any connections to the API server.
C. The compromised Pod connects to the API server and is granted elevated privileges by default.
D. The compromised Pod is allowed to connect to the API server without any restrictions.

Answer: A

Explanation:
* By default,Pods can connect to the API server(since ServiceAccount tokens are mounted).
* However, whether they succeed in acting depends on:
* Network Policies(may block egress).
* RBAC(controls permissions).
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Docs - API Access):
* "Pods authenticate to the API server using the service account token mounted into the Pod.
Authorization is then enforced by RBAC. NetworkPolicies may further restrict access."
* Clarifications:
* A: No default automatic isolation.
* B: Not always unrestricted; policies may apply.
* D: Pods get minimal default privileges, not automatic elevation.
References:
Kubernetes Docs - API Access to Pods: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/service-accounts/ Kubernetes Docs - Network Policies: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network- policies/

NEW QUESTION # 29
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